One
thing I am always asked for is copyright training. From years of sitting on
various professional committees I know that I’m not alone in this – librarians
always want copyright training. It can be really hard to know where to start as
everyone has slightly different needs so it’s best to just dive in!
Working
in an academic library I have become quite familiar with the CLA (CopyrightLicencing Agency) Licence which allows educational institutions to reproduce
material from copyrighted materials legally. The CLA itself is a collection
management organisation which provides different types of licence depending on
the needs of the licence holder. Already we are starting to get into confusing
territory so I thought it best to call in the experts so I arranged for a
representative from the CLA to come and talk to Cambridge library staff.
The
obligatory warning: this post is a write up from notes taken at the above talk
and does not constitute legal advice.
CLA
Licence Overview
The
Licence covers books, journals and magazines in both print and digital format.
I hadn’t realised that the CLA actually predates the Copyright Act by five years,
having been formed in 1983 to deal with the growing use of photocopiers in
schools.
It’s important to
realise that the CLA Licence doesn’t cover material that students copy for
their own private research and study. This is an exception to the Licence as
long as people are using the materials for themselves.
It should be noted that this is NOT
the same as using things for group study, that falls under the terms of the
licence. More details on legal exceptions not covered by the CLA Licence can be
found here. The
Licence also excludes films or images where they are not used in published
works or music.
Material
copied under the CLA Licence needs to be owned or subscribed to by the
University to be eligible. Under the Licence material can be copied for
students on a course of study e.g. a defined cohort participating in a class.
Students can access the material for the rest of their degree of study, making
revision easier. This access must be restricted to the ‘originally completing
cohort’ – if another group wishes to use the material that means a reassessment
under the terms of the Licence.
Works
published in the UK have an automatic indemnity – everything is available to
copy unless expressly forbidden. However there are always exceptions and
changes so the CLA recommends using their Permissions Checker tool just to be absolutely safe. This operates on a simple traffic light system of
red, amber and green with over 90% of material being tagged as green and
therefore available under the Licence.
Changes
to the CLA Licence
As
of August 1st 2016 the Licence has been updated, largely in response
to feedback from bodies such as the UK Copyright Working Group. There were a
number of changes, the most important of which are highlighted below:
- Exceptions for parody or quotation – copyrighted material can now be used for ‘parody, caricature or pastiche’ without having to obtain express permission from the author. This has to be under fair dealing (ensuring that you are using a fair amount of the work rather which doesn’t infringe on the ability of the copyright holder to make money). Further details are available here.
- Increase in the extent limits – under the terms of the Licence it is now allowed to copy either a defined amount (one whole chapter from a book, one whole article from a magazine/journal issue etc.), or 10% of the total publication whichever is the greater. This is an increase from the previous amount of 5%. Articles in particular often come in at under 10% of the total publication which means that more may be copied.
The changes and an overview of the Licence are available via a handy user guide from the CLA website.
CLA
and the VLE
Virtual
Learning Environments (VLEs) are possibly one reason why so many librarians
have a copyright headache. Institutions
need to make sure that digital material is available via secure access which is
only available to staff and students and this is typically done via a VLE. The material needs to be confined to an area
accessible only to those enrolled on a particular course of study. Libraries
need to make sure that they are not in effect creating an online library of
work accessible to all.
The
CLA recommends trying to use the digital format of a work wherever possible
rather than scanning a paper copy and uploading this. Under the Licence single
chapters of a book may be uploaded to a VLE and this can help to overcome
access problems with ebooks. If a lecturer sets a chapter from an ebook as
required reading this can cause issues when more users than are allowed try to
read the chapter concurrently. Uploading the chapter (as long as it’s within
the terms of the CLA Licence) can be helpful to students here.
Copyright
notices are required on all
copyrighted material that is used on the VLE. This should include the course
name, title of the work, author and publisher details. The name of a designated
person responsible for copyright matters at the institution is no longer required.
Any digital copies of material must be reported annually to the CLA.
This is important not only as good practice but so that copyright holders can
be reimbursed correctly. Material does sometimes come out of the Licence so it’s
important to check that only appropriate material is included. The CLA will not ask institutions to remove
any material during the year to avoid impacting student learning but it will
need to be removed the following year if needed. The CLA have a new tool to help with
reporting – the CLA
Content Store. This
is available as part of the Licence and reports automatically to the CLA.
Further information
Below are some websites which might be useful if you want to learn more about copyright:
I hope the above information is useful for anyone looking to learn more about copyright. As stated at the top of this post this is not intended as any sort of legal advice (I really don't get paid enough for that!). Please use this information as guidance only and double check everything. Also if you spot any errors please let me know so I don't leave up incorrect information.
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